Each type of illegal antisemitism in Part II includes a case citation which allows anyone to look up the case for themselves. These are not hypothetical examples. They are real cases decided by real judges. Many of them are binding Supreme Court precedents. While some of the opinions in this guide are not binding, they are authorities that your attorney can cite as persuasive in any jurisdiction. These case citations may be the most important part of this guide — more important, in some ways, than the statutes themselves. A statute says what the law is, but a case citation is a judge who already looked at a situation like yours — a Jewish student excluded from campus, antizionist curriculum, threats against Jews— and said: this is illegal, and here is what happens when you do it. The statute tells you what the law says. The case tells you what the law does. That is why each chapter in Part II includes the full citation — the case name, the volume and page number in the federal reporter, the court, and the year. When your attorney writes “ Frankel v. UCLA , 744 F.Supp.3d 1015 (C.D. Cal. 2024)” in a letter to the school district, the district's lawyers know exactly what that means. They can pull it up quickly and read the judge’s words. And they know that if this case goes to court, your attorney is going to hand that opinion to the judge and say: “A federal court has already decided this issue. Here is what it held.”
A Note on the Word “Discrimination”
Throughout this guide, the word “discrimination” is used broadly. It includes not only conduct that excludes, segregates, or physically targets Jewish students, but also conduct that silences or marginalizes their viewpoint. When a teacher dismisses a Jewish student’s opinion, mocks it, laughs at it, or treats it with less respect than other students’ opinions — or even when the teacher allows other students to dismiss, mock, or laugh at it without intervening — that is also a form of discrimination. Students have a broad right under the First Amendment and California law to hold and express their own viewpoint, and a teacher who penalizes a Jewish or Zionist student for doing so, or who tolerates other students doing so, is violating that student’s civil rights. Each of the 15 types that follow should be read with this broader definition in mind. Each type chapter in Part II also corresponds to a checkbox on the Notice of Violation Letter in Part III of this guide. When you are ready to notify the school, use that letter to identify the specific type(s) of illegal conduct your child has experienced.